巧克力如何风靡世界的(How swept the world in chocolate)

　　american-made chocolate and cocoa(可可) products number in the hundreds. there is a fascinating(迷人的)story behind these wonderful products.

　　chocolate through the years

　　the story of chocolate, as far back as we know it, begins with the discovery of america. until 1492, the old world(指欧洲大陆，相对于美洲大陆)knew nothing at all about the delicious and stimulating flavor富有刺激性的口味) that was to become the favorite of millions.

　　the court of king ferdinand and queen isabella got its first look at the principal ingredient(调料、原料)of chocolate when columbus returned in triumph from america and laid before the spanish throne(王位)a treasure trove of many strange and wonderful things. among these were a few dark brown beans(豆)that looked like almonds(杏仁)and seemed most unpromising(无指望的). they were cocoa beans, today's source of all our chocolate and cocoa.

　　the king and queen never dreamed how important cocoa beans could be, and it remained for hernando cortez(科尔特斯), the great spanish explorer, to grasp(把握住)the commercial possibilities of the new world offerings.

　　food of the gods

　　during his conquest of mexico, cortez found the aztec indians(阿兹特克印第安人)using cocoa beans in the preparation of the royal drink of the realm, "chocolate," meaning warm liquid. in 1519, emperor montezuma, who reportedly drank 50 or more portions daily, served(提供，招待) chocolate to his spanish guests in great golden goblets(高脚杯), treating it like a food for the gods.

　　for all its regal(王室的) importance, however, montezuma's chocolate was very bitter(苦), and the spaniards did not find it to their taste. to make the concoction(调制品) more agreeable to europeans, cortez and his countrymen conceived the idea of sweetening it with cane sugar.

　　the new drink quickly won friends, especially among the spanish aristocracy(贵族). spain wisely proceeded to plant cacao in its overseas colonies, which gave birth to a very profitable(利润高的) business. remarkably enough, the spanish succeeded in keeping the art of the cocoa industry a secret from the rest of europe for nearly a hundred years.

　　chocolate spreads to europe

　　spanish monks, who had been consigned(托运) to process the cocoa beans, finally let the secret out. it did not take long before chocolate was acclaimed(受到欢迎) throughout europe as a delicious, health-giving food. for a while it reigned(主宰)as the drink at the fashionable court of france. chocolate drinking spread across the channel to great britain, and in 1657 the first of many famous english chocolate houses(作坊)appeared.

　　the 19th century marked two more revolutionary developments in the history of chocolate. in 1847, an english company introduced solid "eating chocolate" through the development of fondant(半软糖) chocolate, a smooth and velvety(光滑柔和)variety that has almost completely replaced the old coarse grained(颗粒粗糙的) chocolate which formerly dominated(统领) the world market. the second development occurred in 1876 in vevey, switzerland, when daniel peter devised a way of adding milk to the chocolate, creating the product we enjoy today known as milk chocolate.